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SQL for Data Science

What is SQL
Ans: Structured Query Language 

DBMS = Data base management System

MySQL is DBMS

RDBMS = Relational based database management system =  basically data alg alg column me hota hai use merge krne ke liye relation to hona chahiye use maintain krna hi RDBMS, Data me primary key aur foreign key hoti hai


RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
RDBMS ek aisa database management system hota है jisme data tables (rows + columns) ke form me store kiya जाता है, aur tables relationships ke through connected hote हैं.


⭐ RDBMS Kya Hotा Hai?

RDBMS = Relational Database Management System
Ye ek software hotा है jo:

  • Data ko tables me store karta है

  • Tables ke beech relationships banata है

  • Data ko CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) se manage karta है

  • SQL language ka use karta है

📌 RDBMS Ka Structure

1️⃣ Table

  • Data rows (records) aur columns (fields) me hotा है
    Example: Customers table

2️⃣ Row (Record / Tuple)

  • Table ka ek complete data entry
    Example: Ek customer ki puri details

3️⃣ Column (Field / Attribute)

  • Table ka specific data point
    Example: Name, Email, Age

4️⃣ Primary Key

  • Ek unique column jo har row ko identify kare
    Example: Customer_ID

5️⃣ Foreign Key

  • Ek table ka column jo dusre table ki primary key ko refer kare

  • Dono tables ke beech relation banata hai

>>. ER Diagram (Entity–Relationship Diagram)

⭐ ER Diagram Kya Hotा Hai?

ER Diagram एक visual diagram होता है जो दिखाता है:

  • कौन-कौन सी tables होंगी (Entities)

  • Unke columns kya होंगे (Attributes)

  • Tables kaise connected होंगी (Relationships)

  • Kaun Primary Key hai

  • Kaun Foreign Key hai

>>>Constraint (कन्स्ट्रेंट)
Database में constraint वो rules होते हैं जो ensure करते हैं कि डेटा हमेशा सही, valid, consistent और secure रहे।

ये RDBMS में लगने वाले restrictions होते हैं ताकि गलत या invalid value insert न हो सके।


⭐ Constraint क्या करता है?

  • गलत data को रोकता है

  • data consistency maintain करता है

  • tables के बीच सही relationship बनाता है

  • duplicate, null, invalid values को avoid करता है


⭐ Types of Constraints (सबसे important)

1️⃣ PRIMARY KEY Constraint

  • हर row को uniquely identify करता है

  • Null नहीं हो सकता

  • Duplicate नहीं हो सकता

Example:

PRIMARY KEY (customer_id)

2️⃣ FOREIGN KEY Constraint

  • दो tables को जोड़ता है

  • दूसरी table की primary key को refer करता है

Example:

FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customers(customer_id)

3️⃣ UNIQUE Constraint

  • value unique होनी चाहिए

  • NULL allowed है (except some DBs)

Example:

UNIQUE (email)

4️⃣ NOT NULL Constraint

  • Column कभी empty नहीं हो सकता

Example:

name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL

5️⃣ CHECK Constraint

  • Condition enforce करता है

  • गलत values को रोकता है

Example:

CHECK (age >= 18)

6️⃣ DEFAULT Constraint

  • Value ना मिले तो default value डाल देता है

Example:

status VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT 'Active'

⭐ Simple Example (All Constraints)

CREATE TABLE Students( id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, age INT CHECK (age >= 18), email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE, course VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'BCA' );

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